Reports highlight the safety of hydraulic fracturing for drinking water if it occurs “many hundreds of meters to kilometers underground”. To our knowledge, however, no comprehensive analysis of hydraulic fracturing depths exists. Based on fracturing depths and water use for ∼44 000 wells reported between 2010 and 2013, the average fracturing depth across the United States was 8300 ft (∼2500 m). Many wells (6900; 16%) were fractured less than a mile from the surface, and 2600 wells (6%) were fractured above 3000 ft (900 m), particularly in Texas (850 wells), California (720), Arkansas (310), and Wyoming (300).
Average water use per well nationally was 2 400 000 gallons (9 200 000 L), led by Arkansas (5 200 000 gallons), Louisiana (5 100 000 gallons), West Virginia (5 000 000 gallons), and Pennsylvania (4 500 000 gallons). Two thousand wells (∼5%) shallower than one mile and 350 wells (∼1%) shallower than 3000 ft were hydraulically fractured with 1 million gallons of water, particularly in Arkansas, New Mexico, Texas, Pennsylvania, and California. Because hydraulic fractures can propagate 2000 ft upward, shallow wells may warrant special safeguards, including a mandatory registry of locations, full chemical disclosure, and, where horizontal drilling is used, predrilling water testing to a radius 1000 ft beyond the greatest lateral extent.
Learn more about these metrics Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days. The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article.
Find more information on.
Microbial communities associated with produced water from hydraulic fracturing are not well understood, and their deleterious activity can lead to significant increases in production costs and adverse environmental impacts. In this study, we compared the microbial ecology in prefracturing fluids (fracturing source water and fracturing fluid) and produced water at multiple time points from a natural gas well in southwestern Pennsylvania using 16S rRNA gene-based clone libraries, pyrosequencing, and quantitative PCR. The majority of the bacterial community in prefracturing fluids constituted aerobic species affiliated with the class Alphaproteobacteria. However, their relative abundance decreased in produced water with an increase in halotolerant, anaerobic/facultative anaerobic species affiliated with the classes Clostridia, Bacilli, Gammaproteobacteria, Epsilonproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, and Fusobacteria. Produced water collected at the last time point (day 187) consisted almost entirely of sequences similar to Clostridia and showed a decrease in bacterial abundance by 3 orders of magnitude compared to the prefracturing fluids and produced water samplesfrom earlier time points. Geochemical analysis showed that produced water contained higher concentrations of salts and total radioactivity compared to prefracturing fluids. This study provides evidence of long-term subsurface selection of the microbial community introduced through hydraulic fracturing, which may include significant implications for disinfection as well as reuse of produced water in future fracturing operations.
Learn more about these metrics Article Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days. The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on.
Start Preamble Start Printed Page 61924 AGENCY: Bureau of Land Management, Interior. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: On March 26, 2015, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) published in the Federal Register a final rule entitled, “Oil and Gas; Hydraulic Fracturing on Federal and Indian Lands” (2015 rule). With this final rule, the BLM is rescinding the 2015 rule because we believe it imposes administrative burdens and compliance costs that are not justified. This final rule returns the affected sections of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) to the language that existed immediately before the published effective date of the 2015 rule (June 24, 2015), except for changes to those regulations that were made by other rules published between the date of publication of the 2015 rule and now, and the phrase “perform nonroutine fracturing jobs,” which is not restored to the list of subsequent operations requiring prior approval. None of the changes by other rules are relevant to this rulemaking.
DATES: This final rule is effective on December 29, 2017. Start Further Info FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Lorenzo Trimble, Acting Division Chief, Fluid Minerals Division, 202-912-7342, for information regarding the substance of this final rule or information about the BLM's Fluid Minerals program. Persons who use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD) may call the Federal Relay Service (FRS) at 1-800-877-8339, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, to leave a message or question with the above individuals. You will receive a reply during normal hours. End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Executive Summary Pursuant to the Mineral Leasing Act (MLA), the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA), the Indian mineral leasing laws, and other legal authorities, the BLM is charged with administering oil and gas operations on Federal and Indian lands in a manner that allows for responsible and appropriate resource development. This final rule is needed to prevent the unnecessarily burdensome and unjustified administrative requirements and compliance costs of the 2015 rule from encumbering oil and gas development on Federal and Indian lands. The process known as “hydraulic fracturing” has been used by the oil and gas industry since the 1950s to stimulate production from oil and gas wells.
In recent years, public awareness of the use of hydraulic fracturing practices has grown. New horizontal drilling technology has allowed increased access to oil and gas resources in tight shale formations across the country, sometimes in areas that have not previously experienced significant oil and gas development. As hydraulic fracturing has become more common, public concern increased about whether hydraulic fracturing contributes to or causes the contamination of groundwater sources, whether the chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing should be disclosed to the public, and whether there is adequate management of well integrity and of the “flowback” fluids that return to the surface during and after hydraulic fracturing operations. On March 26, 2015, the BLM published in the Federal Register a final rule entitled, “Oil and Gas; Hydraulic Fracturing on Federal and Indian Lands” (2015 rule). The 2015 rule was intended to: Ensure that wells are properly constructed to protect water supplies, make certain that the fluids that flow back to the surface as a result of hydraulic fracturing operations are managed in an environmentally responsible way, and provide public disclosure of the chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing fluids. To achieve its objectives, the 2015 rule required oil and gas operators to:. Prince of egypt ost rar extractor.
Obtain the BLM's approval before conducting hydraulic fracturing operations by submitting an application with information and a plan for the hydraulic fracturing design (-3(d)(4)). Include a hydraulic fracturing application in applications for permits to drill (APDs), or in a subsequent “sundry notice” (-3(c)). Include information about the proposed source of water in each hydraulic fracturing application so that the BLM can complete analyses required by the National Environment Policy Act (NEPA) (-3(d)(3)). Include available information about the location of nearby wells to help prevent “frack hits” ( i.e., unplanned surges of pressurized fluids into other wells that can damage the wells and equipment and cause surface spills) (-3(d)(4)(iii)(C)). Verify that the well casing is surrounded by adequate cement, and test the well to make sure it can withstand the pressures of hydraulic fracturing (-3(e)(1) and (2) and (f)). Isolate and protect usable water, while redefining “usable water” to expressly defer to classifications of groundwater by states and tribes, and the Environmental Protection Agency, -7; and require demonstrations of 200 feet of adequate cementing between the fractured formation and the bottom of the closest usable water aquifer, or cementing to the surface (-3(e)(2)(i) and (ii)). Monitor and record the annulus pressure during hydraulic fracturing operations, and report significant increases of pressure (-3(g)).
File post-fracturing reports containing information about how the hydraulic fracturing operation actually occurred (-3(i)). Submit lists of the chemicals used (non-trade-secrets) to the BLM by sundry notice (Form 3160-5), to FracFocus (a public website operated by the Ground Water Protection Council and the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission), or to another BLM-designated database (-3(i)(1)). Withhold trade secret chemical identities only if the operator or the owner of the trade secret submits an affidavit verifying that the information qualifies for trade secret protection (-3(j)). Obtain and provide withheld chemical information to the BLM, if the BLM requests the withheld information (-3(j)(3)). Store recovered fluids in above-ground rigid tanks of no more than 500-barrel capacity, with few exceptions, until the operator has an approved plan for permanent disposal of produced water (as required by Onshore Oil and Gas Order No. The 2015 rule also authorized two types of variances:. Individual operation variances to account for local conditions or new or different technology (-3(k)(1)).
Trek speed concept di2 manual download. Bicycle Owner's Manual - English (web) Bicycle Owner's Manual - English PDF Domane SLR Service Manual Domane Disc Supplement - English (.pdf 620 KB) 2013 Trek Madone 7 Series brake manual - English (.pdf 626 KB) 2014 Trek Speed Concept Service Manual - English (.pdf 6.5 MB) 2015 Lync Consumer. When we introduced the Trek Speed Concept bike in 2011, it was the fastest frameset we had ever made. Note: Instructions for the Shimano electronic Di2 shift system are in a separate document. See your dealer. Refer to your bicycle owner's manual, the instructions in a bicycle mechanic's handbook, or consult your.
State or tribal variances to account for regional conditions or to align the BLM requirements with state or tribal regulations (-3(k)(2)). For either type of variance to be approved, the variance needed to meet or exceed the purposes of the specific provision of the 2015 rule for which the Start Printed Page 61925variance is being granted (-3(k)(3)). The 2015 rule was immediately challenged in court. The United States District Court for the District of Wyoming stayed the 2015 rule before it went into effect, and later issued a final order setting aside the rule, concluding that it was outside the BLM's statutory authority.
On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit dismissed the appeal as prudentially unripe, and vacated the District Court's final order with instructions for the District Court to dismiss the case without prejudice. The plaintiffs have moved for rehearing or reconsideration en banc. Briefing on those petitions is complete. The Tenth Circuit has not yet issued its mandate to the District Court, and thus the 2015 rule has not gone into effect. Commenters and a District Court have raised doubts about BLM's statutory authority to regulate hydraulic fracturing operations on Federal and Indian lands. Signing naturally unit 10 answers.
The BLM believes that it is not only better policy to rescind the 2015 rule to relieve operators of duplicative, unnecessary, costly and unproductive regulatory burdens, but it also eliminates the need for further litigation about BLM's statutory authority. On March 28, 2017, President Trump issued entitled, “Promoting Energy Independence and Economic Growth” (, Mar. 31, 2017), which directed the Secretary of the Interior to review four specific rules, including the 2015 rule, for consistency with the policy set forth in section 1 of the Order and, if appropriate, take action to lawfully suspend, revise, or rescind those rules that are inconsistent with the policy set forth in. Dated: December 22, 2017. Joseph Balash, Assistant Secretary—Land and Minerals Management, U.S.
Department of the Interior. End Signature Start List of Subjects List of Subjects in. Administrative practice and procedure. Government contracts. Indians-lands.
Mineral royalties. Oil and gas exploration.
Penalties. Public lands-mineral resources. Reporting and recordkeeping requirements End List of Subjects For the reasons stated in the preamble, and under the authorities stated below, the Bureau of Land Management amends as follows: Start Part PART 3160—ONSHORE OIL AND GAS OPERATIONS End Part Start Amendment Part 1. The authority citation for part 3160 continues to read as follows: End Amendment Part Start Authority Authority: d and 2107;, 306, 359, and 1751; (b), 1733, and 1740; and Sec.
107, 129 Stat. 599, unless otherwise noted. End Authority Subpart 3160—Onshore Oil and Gas Operations: General Start Amendment Part 2. Revise § 3160.0-3 to read as follows: End Amendment Part. The Mineral Leasing Act, as amended and supplemented ( et seq.), the Act of May 21, 1930 (-306), the Mineral Leasing Act for Acquired Lands, as amended (-359), the Act of March 3, 1909, as amended , the Act of May 11, 1938, as amended (a-396q), the Act of February 28, 1891, as amended , the Act of May 29, 1924 , the Act of March 3, 1927 (a-398e), the Act of June 30, 1919, as amended , R.S. § 441 , the Attorney General's Opinion of April 2, 1941 (40 Op. 41), the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, as amended ( et seq.), the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as amended ( et seq.), the Act of December 12, 1980 (94 Stat.
2964), the Combined Hydrocarbon Leasing Act of 1981 (95 Stat. 1070), the Federal Oil and Gas Royalty Management Act of 1982 , the Indian Mineral Development Act of 1982 , and Order Number 3087, dated December 3, 1982, as amended on February 7, 1983 (48 FR 8983) under which the Secretary consolidated and transferred the onshore minerals management functions of the Department, except mineral revenue functions and the responsibility for leasing of restricted Indian lands, to the Bureau of Land Management. Start Amendment Part 3. Amend § 3160.0-5 by removing the definitions of “Annulus,” “Bradenhead,” “Cement Evaluation Log (CEL),” “Confining zone,” “Hydraulic fracturing,” “Hydraulic fracturing fluid,” “Isolating or to isolate,” “Master hydraulic fracturing plan,” “Proppant,” and “Usable water,” and by adding the definition of “Fresh water” in alphabetical order to read as follows: End Amendment Part. Subsequent well operations.
(a) A proposal for further well operations shall be submitted by the operator on Form 3160-5 for approval by the authorized officer prior to commencing operations to redrill, deepen, perform casing repairs, plug-back, alter casing, recomplete in a different interval, perform water shut off, commingling production between intervals and/or conversion to injection. (b) Unless additional surface disturbance is involved and if the operations conform to the standard of prudent operating practice, prior approval is not required for routine fracturing or acidizing jobs, or recompletion in the same interval; however, a subsequent report on these operations must be filed on Form 3160-5. The reference to 32 states with existing Federal oil and gas leases includes the following states: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming. The State of Oregon regulates hydraulic fracturing operations by way of its regulations addressing “Water Injection and Water Flooding of Oil and Gas Properties” (Oregon Administrative Rules Or. The State of Arizona regulates hydraulic fracturing operations under regulations addressing “Artificial Stimulation of Oil and Gas Wells” (Arizona Administrative Code A.A.C.
sec. The State of Indiana issued “emergency rules” in 2011 and 2012 that incorporated new legislation addressing hydraulic fracturing ( and Pub. 16-2012) into Indiana's oil and gas regulations at 312 Indiana Administrative Code (IAC) Article 16.
Design And Appraisal Of Hydraulic Fractures Pdf Viewer Software
For further information about the state regulatory programs, see § 2.12 of the RIA and Appendix 1 of the EA prepared for this rule.
Comments are closed.
|
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |